Gender and Social Determinants of Health: A Mixed Method Study in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan : Gender and Social Determinants of Health

Syed Babar Ali; Javeria Saleem; Muhammad Ishaq; . Shaista; Muhammad Adil Shah; Hafiz Waqas Ahmad

doi:10.54393/pbmj.v7i01.1008

Authors

Syed Babar Ali Department of Public Health, Institute of Social and Cultural Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Javeria Saleem Department of Public Health, Institute of Social and Cultural Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Muhammad Ishaq Department of Public Health, Institute of Social and Cultural Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
. Shaista Medical Teaching Institution-Mardan College of Nursing, Bacha Khan Medical College, Mardan, Pakista
Muhammad Adil Shah Jinnah Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
Hafiz Waqas Ahmad Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Islamabad, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v7i01.1008

Keywords:

Gender Disparity, Social Determinants, Health Determinants, Literacy

Abstract

Gender is recognized as a fundamental social determinant within the overarching framework of the World Health Organization's Social Determinants of Health (SDH). It is conceptualized as a central factor influencing population health and contributing to health inequalities. Objective: To investigate disparities based on gender in the social determinants of health and assess gender inequities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Methods: A mixed-methods approach, comprising both a survey and an exploratory qualitative study, was employed at Mardan Medical Complex Hospital in Mardan. A total of 10 interviews were conducted with healthcare workers (HCWs), and the study included 210 patients. Results: Out of the 210 patients, the majority were female (107/210, 51%), while 103/210 (49%) were male. 80 out of 103 (77%) females were house wives. More female (30 out of 103) is illiterate than male (21 out of 107) in the study participants, men (25 out of 107) are more educated in the secondary and higher education than women (16 out of 103). Women have high literacy level in religious education (12 out of 103). Women (25 out of 103) are more prone to partner’s verbally or physical aggression than men (15 out of 107). Among female patients, predominant challenges encompass domestic concerns, experiences of violence and abuse, a deficit of trust, and socio-cultural barriers. In contrast, a prevalent social determinant of health for males was identified as financial responsibility, contributing to a notable incidence of mental health illnesses. Conclusions: In conclusion, the study sheds light on significant gender-based disparities in social determinants of health (SDH) and their profound impact on the well-being of individuals.

Author Biographies

Javeria Saleem, Department of Public Health, Institute of Social and Cultural Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

Assiatant Professor

Muhammad Ishaq, Department of Public Health, Institute of Social and Cultural Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

Assistant Professor

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Gender and Social Determinants of Health: A Mixed Method Study in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan