Gender and Family Medical History as Determinants of Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus Complications: A Cross-Sectional Assessment from Haripur, Pakistan: Gender and Family Medical History as Determinants of Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus Complications

Sana Ali; Khadija Muqadas; Iqra Ramzan; Muhammad Junaid; Vaneeza Khan; . Memoona; Hajira Arshad; Muhammad Subhan Nazar

doi:10.54393/pbmj.v9i2.1348

Authors

Sana Ali Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
Khadija Muqadas Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
Iqra Ramzan Department of Microbiology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
Muhammad Junaid Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
Vaneeza Khan Department of Public Health, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
. Memoona Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
Hajira Arshad Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
Muhammad Subhan Nazar Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v9i2.1348

Keywords:

Type-2 Diabetes Complications, Hyperglycemia, Micro and Macro Vascular Complications, Diabetic Retinopathy, Diabetic Nephropathy, Glycemic Control, Family History, Sex Factors

Abstract

Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has emerged as a leading cause of disability worldwide. In recent years, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have been responsible for approximately 41 million deaths annually, with the majority occurring in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Objectives: To explore type 2 diabetic associated complications, and investigate the factors associated with type 2 diabetes complications in patients at the District Headquarter Hospital (DHQ) in Haripur, Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at DHQ Hospital, Haripur, using a convenience sampling technique. A study involving 422 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Data were collected using a self-structured questionnaire that assessed diabetes-related complications. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Results: Significant associations were found between gender and several health indicators, including blood glucose levels, HbA1c, eye pain/redness, and sleep disturbances (p<0.050). Additionally, family medical history showed significant associations with multiple diabetic complications, including blurred vision, blindness, eye redness, swelling of feet/ankles/hands, loss of sensation in feet, ingrown toenails or fungal infections, and changes in skin color (p<0.050). These relationships were supported by significant crude odds ratios (CORs), indicating strong statistical relevance. Conclusions: The study found a strong link between type 2 diabetes complications and factors such as family history, gender, income, and lab results (HbA1c, RBS, FBS). It is recommended to strengthen routine screening and early intervention, especially among high-risk groups, to prevent complications.

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