Diagnostic Approaches and Causes of Male Infertility: A Comprehensive Clinical Review: Diagnostic Approaches and Causes of Male Infertility

Muhammad Irshad Ul Haq; Syed Muhammad Yousaf Farooq; Muhammad Moazzam

doi:10.54393/pbmj.v8i12.1294

Authors

Muhammad Irshad Ul Haq Office of Research Innovation and Commercialization, Green International University, Lahore, Pakistan
Syed Muhammad Yousaf Farooq Department of Radiography and Imaging Technology, Green International University, Lahore, Pakistan
Muhammad Moazzam Office of Research Innovation and Commercialization, Green International University, Lahore, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v8i12.1294

Keywords:

Male Infertility, Idiopathic Infertility, Varicocele, Testicular Disorders, Obstructive Azoospermia, Scrotal Ultrasonography

Abstract

Male infertility accounts for approximately 30–50% of infertility cases worldwide and poses a significant reproductive health challenge. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the etiology of male infertility, emphasizing the pivotal role of diagnostic imaging, particularly ultrasonography, in identifying structural and functional abnormalities. Common causes include varicocele, testicular failure, genetic abnormalities such as chromosomal defects and Y-chromosome microdeletions, obstructive pathologies, and idiopathic factors. Ultrasound techniques, especially scrotal and transrectal ultrasonography, have become essential tools in detecting conditions often missed during routine examinations, thereby facilitating accurate diagnosis and targeted management. Despite advancements, standardization of imaging protocols and access remain limited in resource-constrained settings. An integrated diagnostic approach, combining semen analysis, hormonal profiling, genetic testing, and imaging, enhances diagnostic precision, reduces unexplained cases, and guides personalized treatment. Early identification of causative factors is crucial for optimizing reproductive outcomes.

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